Organic Powerpoint

Organic Naming
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Nuzhat Zaber - Monday March 23, 2015__

Recall: Differences between Intramolecular and Intermolecular Forces
-> Intramolecular Forces [forces of electrostatic attraction WITHIN a molecule and determines the chemical properties of a substance.]
-> Intermolecular Forces [forces of attraction BETWEEN two molecules, weaker than intramolecular forces and determines the physical properties.]

Types of Intermolecular Forces

London Dispersion	Dipole-Dipole	Hydrogen Bonds
-attractive forces of electrons of one molecule with the positive nuclei of neighbouring molecules -the strength of the force is directly related to number of electrons/photons of molecule -the greater the number of electrons/photons = the greater the force	-attractive forces between polar molecules having dipoles -the polarity of a molecule is determined by: bond polarity molecule shape -attractive forces based between the electrons of one dipole by the dipoles of neighbouring molecules -the strength of the force is related to polarity of molecule	-type of dipole-dipole interaction -occur between Hydrogen atoms in one molecule + (F,O,N) -considered as the strongest of intermolecular forces

Intro to Organic Compounds

ORGANIC COMPOUND: type of compound in which C atoms are nearly always bonded to each other, and to hydrogen.
INORGANIC COMPOUND: type of compound that includes carbonates, cyanides, carbides, oxides of carbon, etc.

Characteristics of Organic Compounds

• Made of C atoms (chains/rings)
• Contain covalent bonds
• Principle intermolecular force: London Dispersion
• Properties determined by presence of certain groups (functional groups)

Remember: one molecular formula can represent many different compounds (isomers)

The Carbon Atom:
The nature of Carbon atoms allow it to form many organic compounds. Recall that a carbon atom has**

• 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form covalent bonds with other atoms
• Carbon readily bonds with other carbon atoms forming chains, branched or cyclic compounds.
• Carbon also readily bonds with other elements such as O, N, S, and halogens

Rules for Naming Organic Compounds
1. Prefix indicates number of C atoms. 2. Suffix indicates functional groups in structure.

C's	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
prefix	meth	eth	prop	but	pent	hex	hept	oct	non	dec

How to Draw Organic Compounds:
The general formula is CnH2n+2,** where n is the number of carbons in the chain, that ultimately determines the number of hydrogen atoms.

Structural Diagram	Condensed Diagram	Line Diagram
-shows all bonds except H bonds	-no bonds shown except for atoms	-C atoms are implied by vertices in structure ( including ends ) -H's not shown but other atoms are written in
Butane:	CH3CH2CH2CH3	skeletal formula of butane
Propan-1-ol: Propan-1-ol Isomer of Propanol	CH3CH2CH2OH
Methoxyethane	CH3OCH2CH3

HYDROCARBONS
--> a compound that contains only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms.

• Alkanes
  • The simplest hydrocarbon molecule in which the carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds. [organic compounds with only single bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons]
  • Physical Properties of Alkanes: non-polar, hydrophobic tendencies, but soluble in benzene/other non-polar solvents
  • Ending = "ane"

Homework

• Study for Redox Reactions & Electrolysis unit test tomorrow
• Prepare for lab on wednesday
• Review 1.1 in textwork and you can read ahead about Hydrocarbons and their properties in 1.2 [Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes]

Resources:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRFPvLp3r3g
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hur2jQ-rahk

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Khevna Patel - Tuesday March 31, 2015

Alkenes

• Contain 1 or more C=C double bond
• When naming use the suffix "ene".
• The position of the double bond is indicated for alkenes with 4 or more carbons (or for all branched alkenes) by a number in front of the "ene"

Alkynes

• Contain at least one C-C triple bond
• When naming use the suffix "yne"
• The position of the triple bond is indicated for alkynes with 4 or more carbons by a number in front of the "yne"

Types of Isomers

• molecules with the same formula but different structure

Structural	Funtional	Geometric
- in the same organic family (i.e. 2 alkenes) but have a different arrangement of the atoms	- same formula but are in different organic families (i.e., an alcohol and ether)	- differ in the placement of groups around a double bond. ("cis-trans" isomers) - double bonds prevent the rotation of atoms around the bond axis which creeates 2 different molecules - In the "cis" form of the molecule the groups attached to the double bond are on the same side of the double bond - cis and trans goes with the bond NOT THE GROUPS ATTACHED Ignore (Z) and (E): we did NOT learn this

EXAMPLES from class

but-1-yne
but-2-yne**

Homework: Finish practice worksheet

Extra Resources:

Cis-trans isomers:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUtBy4KfMFg
(we have to name them with cis and trans)

Structural Isomers:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAR-rCitnO0
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Nuzhat Zaber - Wednesday April 1, 2015__

Steps to Naming Cyclo's

1. Find the longest continuous ring.
2. Add "cyclo" in front of the prefix for the number of carbons (i.e. cyclopent)
3. Number the ring to give you the lowest sum of all the numbers. (You can start anywhere and go clockwise/counter-clockwise)
4. If there is only 1 thing on the ring, NO NUMBERS is used (i.e. methylcyclopentane not 1-methylcyclopentane)

Facts for Naming Hydrocarbon (Alkyl) Branches

• not all alkyl branches will be attached to the main chain a carbon 1.
• when carbon 1 of the branch is attached to the main chain the branch is named using the prefix for the # of C's with "yl" attached.
• when it is not attached at carbon 1, you must indicate where the attached point is (i.e. butan-2-yl)

AROMATICS

• the organic family which are derivatives of benzene.
• Benzene has the molecular formula of C6H6
• the structural formula of benzene consists of 6-member carbon ring with 3 C=C double bonds
• the structure of Benzene:
  • benzene is a planar molecule
  • the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are all the same length and energy which is evident that the bonds are not true double and single bonds.
  • Note: IF THE BONDS ARE NOT TRUE SINGLE AND DOUBLE BONDS, WHAT ARE THEY?
    • the C=C bonds in benzene are all 139pm, which is intermediate between the length of a C-C single bond and a C=C double bond (double bonds are shorter)
    • This indicates that the electrons that make up the double bonds in benzene are actually delocalized (shared) around all 6Catoms.

Steps to Naming Aromatics
-> Using benzene as the main chain

1. Identify the groups attached and number accordingly
2. For compounds with 2 groups attached, the following prefixes may be used instead of the numbers
   • 1,2 = ortho (o)
   • 1,3 = meta (m)
   • 1,4 = para (p)

example: methylbenzene example: 0-bromoethylbenzene


Examples shown in class

---> 1-nitro-2-pentan-2-yl-5-pentylcyclooct-3ene ---> 3-bromo-3-cyclopropyl-4-propylheptane --->4-ethyl-4-propoxyoct-trans-5-ene-2-yne

HOMEWORK:

• Make sure to complete worksheets provided for practice.
• Review notes

Resources

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ud8TrKjRHvE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5r7wkwDID4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iwauKeqm2w

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Ben Hwang

April 7, 2015
Class of Tuesday April 7, 2015 4U Chem
Agenda:
Homework:
· Finish unfinished organic worksheets like the amine/amide worksheet
· If more practice is required, feel free to browse your textbook for extra organic problems. (These questions may be easier than the questions provided in worksheets)

• Study for organic quiz on Tuesday April 14

Amines:

• These will always contain an amino functional group
• They are classified into 3 types:
• Primary - Contains 1 carbon chain (2 H's)
• Secondary - Contains 2 carbon chains (1 H)
• Tertiary - Contains 3 carbon chainz (no H's)

Naming Amines:

1. Identify the longest continuous carbon chains and number accordingly
2. List any other alkyl chains on N in alpha order and put N in front instead of its usual number
3. Remove "e" from base name and change number to indicate where amino is attached and add amine

EX.


Peroxides:

These will have a R-O-O-R
Very unstable



To Name Peroxides:

List "yl" forms of hydrocarbon chains in alpha order, followed by the word peroxide


EX.

Try to name this simple peroxide which looks like a face. If you are having trouble, simply refer to the instructions provided above.


References:

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry

http://www.laney.edu/wp/cheli-fossum/files/2012/01/Naming-Amines-and-Amides-rules.pdf

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April 9, 2015- Ginushanth Suriyakumaran


Esters

• Responsible for taste and odour
• Contain the ester linkage
• Are made from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
• The ester linkage is a carbon attached to a double bonded oxygen and another oxygen

Naming Esters

• Use the "yl" form of the alcohol proceeded with the "oate" form of the carboxylic acid
• The carboxylic side of the ester linkage is the right side (Based on the image above only) of the carbon attached to the double bonded oxygen
• The singled bonded oxygen side is the alcohol

Examples done in class

butylbutanoatephenylbenzoate
methylpropanoate

Amides

• Contain the amide linkage
• Structurally similar to esters
• This linkage joins amino acids together to create polypeptides

Naming Amides

• To name amides there are two parts

Base Name

1. The prefix for the number of carbons in the chain containing the carbonyl
2. Add the amide to the end

Before

1. Indicate any groups attached to the nitrogen using N in place of a number

Examples done in class

N-ethyl-N-cyclohexylbenzomide

Homework

• Finish all the uncompleted worksheets
• For extra practice on naming organic compounds, you can go to the textbook and do the practice question

Extra Resources

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyjT5gSUtFw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpcw5rh90JY

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Andrew Vyravipillai - April 10, 2015

Model Building

Overview:

Students were grouped in partners and were responsible for the building and evaluation of various organic chemical structures that have been discussed in class. They were also asked to determine the structural and functional isomers for some organic formulas.

Homework:

-complete ALL the organic naming worksheets

-review the common names vs. IUPAC names of organic structures

-refer to the textbook for extra naming practice

-study for the upcoming organic naming quiz on Tuesday April 14, 2015

Resources:

https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/nomen1.htm (review of organic naming rules)
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/organic_nomenclature_quizzes.htm (online quiz)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7wavimfNFE (great summary of organic nomenclature!)

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